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| 1549 |
| | | The first Portuguese governor general of Brazil selects Bahia (now Salvador) as his capital | |
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| 1557 |
| | | The Portuguese establish a trading post on Macao, a small peninsula off the south coast of China | |
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| 1571 |
| | | The Spanish governor general, Legazpi, makes his capital at Manila,and names the surrounding islands the Philippines after Philip II | |
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| 1573 |
| | | Venice cedes the island of Cyprus to the Turks, in spite of the Christian victory at Lepanto two years earlier | |
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| 1583 |
| | | Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland on behalf of England's queen Elizabeth | |
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| 1585 |
| | | Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina, is settled by the first English colonists in America – with disastrous results | |
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| c. 1585 |
| | | The English artist John White paints the everyday life of the Secotan Indians of America | |
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| 1587 |
| | | A new group of English settlers arrives at Roanoke Island and makes a second attempt at a settlement | |
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| 1587 |
| | | Virginia Dare becomes the first English child to be born in America, on Roanoke Island | |
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| 1590 |
| | | An English ship, the first to arrive at Roanoke Island since 1587, finds no remaining trace of the settlers or their settlement | |
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